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This article is about those who fit the definition of "antipope" in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998 CD-ROM edition: "in the Roman Catholic church, one who opposes the legitimately elected bishop of Rome, endeavours to secure the papal throne, and to some degree succeeds materially in the attempt." For information on other claimants to be Pope, see the article Sedevacantist antipope, which also treats of Discordianism.

An antipope is one who, in opposition to the generally recognized Pope, makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope. In several cases, it is hard to tell which was in fact the lawful Pope and which the antipope. In its list of the Popes, the Holy See's annual directory, Annuario Pontificio, attaches to the name of Pope Leo VIII (963-965) the following note: "At this point, as again in the mid-eleventh century, we come across elections in which problems of harmonizing historical criteria and those of theology and canon law make it impossible to decide clearly which side possessed the legitimacy whose factual existence guarantees the unbroken lawful succession of the Successors of Saint Peter. The uncertainty that in some cases results has made it advisable to abandon the assignation of successive numbers in the list of the Popes." In all those cases, it is, however, clear that, whichever was the Pope, the other was an antipope, since the claim of each was in fact widely accepted.

History

The earliest antipope, Hippolytus, was elected in protest against Pope Callixtus I by a schismatic group in the city of Rome in the 3rd century. Hippolytus was exiled to the mines on the island of Sardinia in the company of Callixtus' successor Pope Pontian, was reconciled to the Catholic Church before his death, and has been canonized by the Church. The Catholic Encyclopedia also mentions a Natalius*, before Hippolytus, as first antipope, who, according to Eusebius's EH5.28.8-12, quoting the Little Labyrinth of Hippolytus, after being "scourged all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in sackcloth, and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to Pope Zephyrinus.

The period when antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries. The emperors frequently imposed their own nominees, in order to further their cause. (The popes, likewise, sometimes sponsored rival imperial claimants in Germany in order to overcome a particular emperor.)

The Great Western Schism, which, on the grounds of the allegedly invalid election of Pope Urban VI, began in 1378 with the election of Clement VII, who took up residence in Avignon, France, led to two, and eventually three, rival lines of claimants to papacy: the Roman line, the Avignon line, and the Pisan line. The last-mentioned line was named after the town of Pisa, Italy, where the council that elected Alexander V as a third claimant was held. To end the schism, the Council of Constance deposed, in May 1415, John XXIII of the Pisan line, whose claim to legitimacy was based on a council's choice, Pope Gregory XII of the Roman line resigned in July 1415, and the Council formally deposed Benedict XIII of the Avignon line, who refused to resign, in July 1417, after which Pope Martin V was elected and was accepted everywhere except in the small and rapidly diminishing area that remained faithful to Benedict XIII.

The scandal of multiple claimants added to the demands for reform that produced the Protestant Reformation at the turn of the 16th century.

List of antipopes

  1. St. Hippolytus (reconciled with Pope St. Pontian and died as martyr of the Church), 217–235
  2. Novatian, 251–258
  3. Felix II (confused with a martyr of the same name and thus considered an authentic pope until recently), 355–365
  4. Ursicinus (Ursinus), 366–367
  5. Eulalius, 418–419
  6. Laurentius, 498–499, 501–506
  7. Dioscorus (perhaps legitimate, died 22 days after election, opposed to Boniface II), 530
  8. Theodore (II) (opposed to Conon), 687
  9. Paschal (I) (opposed to Conon), 687
  10. Theofylact, 757
  11. Constantine II, 767–768
  12. Philip (succeeded antipope Constantine II, but returned to his monastery on the very day of his election), 768
  13. John VIII, 844
  14. Anastasius III Bibliothecarius, 855
  15. Christopher, 903–904
  16. Boniface VII, 974, 984–985
  17. John Filagatto (John XVI), 997–998
  18. Gregory VI, 1012
  19. Sylvester III, 1045
  20. John Mincius (Benedict X), 1058–1059
  21. Pietro Cadalus (Honorius II), 1061–1064
  22. Guibert of Ravenna (Clement III), 1080, 1084–1100
  23. Theodoric, 1100–1101
  24. Adalbert, 1101
  25. Maginulf (Sylvester IV), 1105–1111
  26. Maurice Burdanus (Gregory VIII), 1118–1121
  27. Thebaldus Buccapecuc (Celestine II) 1124
  28. Pietro Pierleoni (Anacletus II), 1130–1138
  29. Gregorio Conti (Victor IV), 1138
  30. Ottavio di Montecelio (Victor IV), 1159–1164
  31. Guido di Crema (Paschal III), 1164–1168
  32. Giovanni of Struma (Callixtus III), 1168–1178
  33. Lanzo of Sezza (Innocent III), 1179–1180
  34. Pietro Rainalducci (Nicholas V), 1328–1330
  35. Robert of Geneva (Clement VII), Pope of the Avignon line, 20 September 1378 – 16 September 1394
  36. Pedro de Luna (Benedict XIII), Pope of the Avignon line, 1394–1423
  37. Pietro Philarghi Alexander V, Pope of the Pisan line, 1409–1410
  38. Baldassare Cosa John XXIII, Pope of the Pisan line, 1410–1415
  39. Gil Sánchez Muñoz (Clement VIII), Pope of the Avignon line, 1423–1429
  40. Duke Amadeus VIII of Savoy (Felix V), 5 November 1439 – 7 April 1449

See also

Sources and references

Antipopes | Ecclesiastical titles | History of the Papacy | Pope-related lists

Антипапа | Antipapa | Vzdoropapež | Modpave | Gegenpapst | Antipapa | Vastupaavst | Vastapaavi | Antipape | Antipapa | Antipapa | 対立教皇 | Géigepoopst | Antipopiežius | Tegenpaus | Motpave | Antypapież | Antipapa | Antipapă | Антипапа | Motpåve | Антипапа | 對立教宗

 

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the "Antipope".

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